Indian Agriculture: A Brief Outlook
- Agriculture accounted for 14% of India’s GDP in 2016-17 and provided employment to more than half a billion people. The share of Agriculture in employment is close to 54% as on 2016-17.
- Indian Agriculture is dominated by the small-scale farming and is characterised by low productivity.
- The average size of land holding in Indian Agriculture is less than 2 hectares.
- The low land holding size means that most of the Indian farmer practices subsistence farming, where they consume the majority of what they produce and sell whatever is left.
- The Indian Agriculture remains the largest employer of the female labour force in India. The share of women labour force out of total women labour force employed in agriculture is close to 65%.
- The Indian agriculture suffers from the twin problem of low productivity and excess workforce employed in it. Due to which the per capita productivity of workforce is very low.
- The low productivity results in depressing the wages in the agriculture sector leading to high level of poverty.
- Agriculture’s importance in India’s Trade is declining, but it still has a share of about 10% in India’s total exports.
- Compare to the high growth in other sectors of the Indian economy, the performance of the Indian agriculture remains poor due to slow and erratic growth rates. The average growth rate of India’s agriculture over the past decades remains low at less than 2%.
- At such a low growth rate of the agriculture sector, it is impossible to uplift millions of rural poor out of poverty.
- The agriculture sector in India has undergone very limited liberalisation. The state still plays a predominant role in the Indian agriculture.
- Concerns about food security and poverty with respect to the second largest population in the world lead the government to remain strongly involved in regulating India’s agriculture through fixing prices for key agricultural products at the farm and consumer levels, high border protection, bans on or support for exports, and massive subsidies for key inputs such as fertilisers, water and electricity.
- The Indian agriculture remains one of highly subsidised sector of the economy.
- Total foodgrains production in India is estimated to be 272 million tonnes in the year 2016-17.
- The estimated production of key cereals like wheat, rice and pulses will be 96.6 million tonnes, 106.7 million tonnes and 22.1 million tonnes respectively in the year 2016-17.
- The other major crops grown in India are oilseeds with an estimated production of 33.6 million tonnes, sugarcane at 309 million tonnes, cotton at 32.5 million bales.
- As per the land use statistics 2013-14, the total geographical area of the country is 328.7 million hectares, of which 141.4 million hectares is the reported net sown area and 200.9 million hectares is the gross cropped area with a cropping intensity of 142 %.
- The net sown area works out to be 43% of the total geographical area. The net irrigated area is 68.2 million hectares.
- The sharp deceleration in the growth of the agricultural sector against the backdrop of an impressive growth of the larger economy is widening disparities between the incomes of workers in non-agricultural and agricultural activities.
Role of Agriculture in Indian Economy
- A growing agriculture sector is a prerequisite for the development of India.
- The growing surplus form the agriculture sector is needed to feed the millions of people who live below poverty line and can hardly sustain themselves.
- The agriculture sector has to maintain a very high growth rate of above 4% in order to sustain the pressure of rising population.
- A growing agriculture sector controls inflation because increased food supplies and agricultural raw materials keep the prices down and stable.
- The agriculture sector has an important backward linkage with the industrial sector. The rural consumers are an important source of demand for the industrial goods.
(b) Cropping Patterns
Cropping Patterns in India: Factors Affecting; Most Important Cropping Patterns
Cropping Pattern in India
Back to Basics: Cropping Pattern mean the proportion of area under different crops at a point of time, changes in this distribution overtime and factors determining these changes.
Cropping pattern in India is determined mainly by rainfall, climate, temperature and soil type.
Technology also plays a pivotal role in determining crop pattern. Example, the adoption of High Yield Varieties Seeds along with fertilisers in the mid 1960’s in the regions of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh increased wheat production significantly.
The multiplicity of cropping systems has been one of the main features of Indian agriculture. This may be attributed to following two major factors:
- Rainfed agriculture still accounts for over 92.8 million hectares or 65 percent of the cropped area. A large diversity of cropping systems exists under rainfed and dryland areas with an overriding practice of intercropping, due to greater risks involved in cultivating larger area under a particular crop.
- Due to prevailing socio-economic situations (such as; dependency of large population on agriculture, small land-holding size, very high population pressure on land resource etc.), improving household food security has been an issue of supreme importance to many million farmers of India, who constitute 56.15 million marginal (<1.0 hectare), 17.92 million small (1.0-2.0 hectare) and 13.25 million semi-medium (2.0-4.0 hectare) farm holdings, making together 90 percent of 97.15 million operational holdings.
- An important consequence of this has been that crop production in India remained to be considered, by and large, a subsistence rather than commercial activity.
Factors Determining Cropping Pattern in India
Cropping Pattern in India
30 most important cropping patterns in India
Specific Issues Related to
the Cropping Pattern
|
Crop
Pattern |
Region/State |
Issues
Related to Crop Pattern |
|
Rice-Wheat |
UP,
Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh. |
Over
the years there is stagnation in the production and productivity loses. The
main reasons for stagnation are: Over
Mining of Nutrients from the soil. Declining
Ground Water Table. Increase
Pest Attacks and Diseases. Shortages
of Labour. Inappropriate
use of Fertilizers. |
|
Rice-Rice |
Irrigated
and Humid coastal system of Orrisa, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and
Kerala. |
The
major issues in sustaining the productivity of rice-rice system are: Deterioration
in soil physical conditions. Micronutrient
deficiency. Poor
efficiency of nitrogen use. Imbalance in use of nutrients. Non-availability
of appropriate trans planter to mitigate labour shortage during the critical
period of transplanting. |
|
Rice-
Groundnut |
Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orrisa and Maharashtra. |
The
major issues in the pattern are: Excessive
Rainfall and Water Logging. Non-availability
of quality seeds. Limited
expansion of Rabi Groundnut in Rice grown areas. |
|
Rice-Pulses |
Chhattisgarh,
Orrisa and Bihar. |
Factors
limiting Productivity are: Droughts
and Erratic Rainfall distribution. Lack of
Irrigation. Low
coverage under HYV Seeds. Weed
Attacks. Little
attention to pest attacks and diseases. Marginalisation
of land and Removal of Tribal from their own land. |
|
Maize-Wheat |
UP,
Rajasthan, MP and Bihar |
The
Reason for Poor Yields are: Sowing
Timing. Poor
Weed Management. Poor
Plant Varieties. Poor
use of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Large
area under Rain Fed Agriculture. |
|
Sugarcane-Wheat |
UP,
Punjab and Haryana accounts for 68% of the area under sugarcane. The
other states which cover the crops are; Karnataka and MP. |
Problems
in Sugarcane-Wheat system are: Late
Planting. Imbalance
and inadequate use of nutrients. Poor
nitrogen use efficiency in sugarcane. Build-up
of Trianthema partu lacastrum and Cyprus rotundus in sugarcane. The
stubble of sugarcane pose tillage problem for succeeding crops and need to be
managed properly. |
|
Cotton-Wheat |
Punjab,
Haryana, West UP, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. |
Problems
in Cotton-Wheat system are: Delay
Planting. Stubbles
of cotton create the problem of tillage operations and poor tilth for wheat. Cotton
Pest like Boll Worm and White Fly. Poor
nitrogen use efficiency in cotton. |
|
Soya
bean-Wheat |
Maharashtra,
MP and Rajasthan |
Constraints
limiting the soybean production and productivity are: A
relatively recent introduction of soybean as a crop. Limited
genetic diversity. Short
growing period available in Indian latitudes. Hindered
agronomy/availability of inputs at the farm level. Rainfed
nature of crop and water scarcity at critical stage of plant growth. Insect
pests and diseases, Quality improvement problems. Inadequate
mechanization and partial adoption of technology by farmers have been
identified. |
|
Legume
Based Cropping Systems (Pulses-Oilseeds) |
MP,
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. |
The
major issues in Legume based system are: Lack of
technological advancement. Loses
due to erratic weather and waterlogging. Diseases
and Pests. Low
harvest index, flower drop, indeterminate growth habit and very poor response
to fertilizers and water in most of the grain legumes. Nutrient
needs of the system have to be worked out considering N-fixation capacity of
legume crops. |
India has made a good place for itself on the Horticulture Map of the World with a total annual production of horticultural crops touching over 1490 million tones during 1999-00.
The horticultural crops cover about 9 percent of the total area contributing about 24.5 percent of the gross agricultural output in the country. However, the productivity of fruits and vegetables grown in the country is low as compared to developed countries.
Vegetable Crops
Vegetable crops in India are grown from the sea level to the snowline. The entire country can broadly be divided into six vegetable growing zones:
Low productivity is the main feature of vegetable cultivation in India as farm yields of most of the vegetables in India are much lower than the average yield of the world and developed countries.
The productivity gap is more conspicuous in tomato, cabbage, onion, chilli and peas. The preponderance of hybrid varieties and protected cultivation are mainly responsible for high productivity in the developed countries.
Constraints in vegetable production:
1. Lack of planning in Production
2. Non-availability of seeds of improved varieties.
3. High cost of basic production elements
4. Inadequate plant protection measures and non-availability of resistant varieties.
5. Weak marketing facilities
6. Transportation limits
7. Post-harvest losses
