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Home Study Material For Civil Services History Modern History

Mughals Timeline

iasnext by iasnext
7 months ago
in Modern History
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mughals kings

                                           Mughal Empire

Babur (1526 – 1530)

Mughal Empire was founded by Babar

1st battle of Panipat (21st April

B/w Babur & Ibrahim Lodi

Lodi was Killed

Babur occupied Delhi

Babar sent his son Humayu to seize Agra; & Claimed himself “ Emperor of Hindustan”

Battle of Khanua (Near Agra →  1527)

Babur V/S Rana Sanga of Mewar

Babur won the battle & assumed the title of Ghazi

Babur wrote his memoirs in “Tuzuk – i – Baburi in Turki language & died in 1530


Humayu (1530 – 1540)

Eldest son of Babur; means fortunate but was most unfortunate ruler of Mughal empire

Gave Kabul & Kandhar to Kamran; Sambhal to Aksari & Alwar to Hindal

 (All 3 his brothers)

Humayun  →  Busy fighting with Afgans (Sher khan / Sher shah) in east, got the news that Bahadur shah of Gujrat was advancing towards Delhi  →  Hence made treaty with Sher shah

Humayu captured Gujrat from Bahadur shah & made Aksari its governor, but soon Bahadur shah recovered it from Aksari who fled from their

Battle of Chausa (1539)

  • Between Humayu & Sher Shah
  • Sher Shah destroyed Mughal army
  • Humayu fled from there

Battle of Kannauj or Bilgram (1540)

  • Between Humayu & Sher Shah
  • Brothers’ dint supported Humayu, hence he fought alone
  • Humayu was thoroughly defeated by Sher shah
  • Result →   Humayu became exile for next 15 years

Sur interregnum (1540 – 1555)

  • Founded by Sher Shah; became ruler of Delhi in 1540
  • Formed 4 ministries for central administration viz.
  • Diwan – i – Wazirat   → Headed by Wazir (Incharge of finance & revenue)
  • Diwan – i – Ariz        → Headed by Military Incharge
  • Diwan – i – Rasalat → Headed by Foreign minister
  • Diwan – i – Insha    → Headed by Communication minister

Administration

Sher Shah empire was divided in 47 Sarkars with

Chief Shiqdar to maintain law & order in each sarkar

Chief Munsif as Judge in each Sarkar

Each Sarkar was divided into Parganas with each pargana consisted of:

  • Shiqdars  →  Military officer
  • Amin         →  Land revenue officer
  • Fotedar     →  Treasurer
  • Karkuns    →  Accountant

Architecture

  • Introduced new silver coins called ‘Dam’ which were in circulation till 1835
  • Laid foundation of 4 important highways & constituted rest houses alongside highways viz.

Sonargaon to Sind

Agra to Burhampur

Jodhpur to Chittor

Lahore to Multan

  • Built a new city on banks of river Yamuna near Delhi (Purana quila & its mosque are remains of the same)
  • Built Mausoleum at Sasaram →  Considered one of the masterpiece of Indian Architecture
  • Patronized Malik Muhammad Jayasi who wrote famous Hindi work Padmavat during his reign

Humayun (1555 – 1556)

  • Humayun defeated Afgans in 1555
  • Died in 1556 after falling from the staircase of his library

Akbar (1556 – 1605)

  • Akbar married Rajput princess Jodha, daghter of Raja Bhairomal of Amber
  • This marriage became a turning point in the history of Mughals, as Rajputs supported them now
  • Many Rajputs like Raja Man singh & Raja Bhagwan Das were given senior position in Akbar’s court
  • Battle of Haldighati, 1576
  • Between Akbar and Maharana Pratap of Mewar
  • Mughals under the leadership of Raja Man singh defeated Rana Pratap of Mewar
  • Akbar was very tolerant towards religious policies →  abolished pilgrim tax & later Jiziya
  • He formed a strong alliance b/w Mughals & Rajputs which ensured peace in Rajasthan & Northern India

Akbars’ Religious Touch

  • Early contact with Sufi saints
  • Teachings from his teacher Abdul Latif
  • His marriage with Rajput princess
  • His association with intellectual giant like Shaikh Mubarak & his 2 sons – Abul Faizi & Abul Fazal
  • After marrying Jodha Bai, he abolished pilgrimage tax & Jiziga
  • Allowed his Hindu wife to worship her own God
  • He was a pious Muslim in his early life but later became a skeptic one
  • Constructed Ibadat khana (house of worship where scholars from all religion meet to discuss religious policies) at his new capital Fatehpur sikri
  • Invited learned scholars from all religions to discuss religious policies
  • Disliked the interference of Muslim Ulemas in political matters
  • In 1579, He issued infallibility decree & asserted his religious powers
  • In 1582, he promulgated a new religion “Din – i – Ilahi” or divine faith in one god
  • Din – i – Ilahi contained good points of all the religions & uphold no dogma
  • Din – i – Ilahi mainly aimed to bridge gap b/w all religions (Only 15 followers joined including Birbal)

Akbars’ Land Revenue system

  • Land revenue system of Akbar was known as Zabti / Bandobast system
  • Further modified by Raja Todarmal, now known as Dahsala system which included
  • Measurement of land
  • Revenue fixed on average yield of last 10 years
  • Land divided into four categories viz.
PolajCultivated every year
ParautiCultivated every 2 years
ChacharCultivated every 3 – 4 years
BanjarCultivated every 5 years

Mansabdari system of Akbar

  • Under this system, every officer was assigned a Rank (Mansab)
  • Lowest officer got 10 coins & highest officers (Nobles) got 5000 coins for their services
  • Includes all public services except Judiciary
  • Ranks were divided into 2 categories, namely
  • Zat        →  Described the personal status of a person
  • Sawar   →  Number of cavalry man a person is required to maintain

Jahangir (1605 – 1627)

  • Prince Salim succeeded the throne with the title Jahangir (Conqueror of the world)
  • Witness rebellions from his son Khusaro, but was defeated & imprisoned
  • Beheaded 5th Sikh Guru Arjun dev
  • In 1611, Married Mehrunnisa (Nurjaha → Light of the world)
  • Wrote his Autobiography →  Tuzuk – i – Jahagiri

Shahjaha (1627 – 1658)

  • Married Mumtaj (Banu Begum)
  • Conquered Deccan (Bijapur & Golkunda and put it under the leadership of his son Aurangzeb)
  • Later, Aurangzeb killed his 3 brothers & confined Shahjaha to female apartments in Agra fort
  • Though Aurangzeb never ill-treated Shahjaha

Aurangzeb (1658 – 1707)

  • Assumed the title Alamgir (or World Conqueror)
  • To contain Marathas (Shivaji), he attacked Golkunda & Bijapur (Deccan Shias)
  • Though Aurangzeb defeated them but it removed the only boundary b/w Marathas & Mughals
  • According to JN Sarkar, Deccan ulcer ruined Aurangzeb

Religious Policies of Aurangzeb

  • Very orthodox & staunch Muslim; tried to change India into an Islamic state
  • Created separate departments to enforce moral codes called ‘Muhtasib’
  • Prohibited drinking, cultivation & use of Bhang & drugs
  • Forbid music in Mughal court, Dismissed royal astrologers & astronomers
  • Discontinued practice of Jharoka darshan
  • Discontinued celebration of Dussehra
  • Destroyed Hindu temples & banned construction of them
  • Reimposed Jiziya & pilgrimage tax (in 1679)
  • Stopped celebration of Muharram (Not tolerant towards other Muslim sects)
  • Was against Sikhs & executed 9th Sikh Guru Teg Bahadur, which resulted transformation of sikhs into warring community

His religious policies turned Rajputs, Sikhs, Marathas, Jats & Satnamis against him & hence became the sole reason for decline of Mughal Empire

Personality & Character of Aurangzeb

  • Very simple in dressing & food; Very disciplined & industrious
  • Earned money for personal expenses by copying Quran & selling those copies
  • Did not consume wine, learned & proficient in Arabic & Persian language
  • Lover of books, strict follower of Islam
  • Daily Namaz for 5 times & strictly observed Ramzan
  • Overall an orthodox Muslim intolerant to other religions

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Comments 2

  1. Nishat Azmi says:
    7 months ago

    Very useful note. It covered all important points in a summarised way. 👌
    Thank you Sir.

    Reply
  2. Sudhanshu mishra says:
    7 months ago

    Thankyou Nishat

    Reply

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